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Rewire sources

The information in the Rewire lessons comes from published research. These are the sources for each lesson.

1. The Slot Machine in Your Pocket

  1. Fiorillo, C. D., Tobler, P. N., & Schultz, W. (2003). Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons. Science, 299(5614), 1898–1902. LinkDopamine and uncertain rewards (studied in monkeys).
  2. Skinner, B. F. (1938). The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis. Appleton-Century.The lever box.
  3. Ferster, C. B., & Skinner, B. F. (1957). Schedules of Reinforcement. Appleton-Century-Crofts. LinkUnpredictable rewards and persistent behaviour.
  4. Clark, L., Lawrence, A. J., Astley-Jones, F., & Gray, N. (2009). Gambling near-misses enhance motivation to gamble and recruit win-related brain circuitry. Neuron, 61(3), 481–490. LinkNear-misses and the urge to play again.
  5. Harrigan, K. A. (2008). Slot machine structural characteristics: Creating near misses using high award symbol ratios. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 6(3), 353–368. LinkHow slot machines produce near-misses.

2. Borrowed Feelings

  1. Robertson, C. E., Pröllochs, N., Schwarzenegger, K., Pärnamets, P., Van Bavel, J. J., & Feuerriegel, S. (2023). Negativity drives online news consumption. Nature Human Behaviour, 7(5), 812–822. LinkNegative words in headlines and clicks.
  2. Brady, W. J., Wills, J. A., Jost, J. T., Tucker, J. A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2017). Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks. PNAS, 114(28), 7313–7318. LinkMoral and emotional language and how far posts spread.
  3. Kramer, A. D. I., Guillory, J. E., & Hancock, J. T. (2014). Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. PNAS, 111(24), 8788–8790. LinkEmotions spreading through a screen.
  4. Houben, M., Van Den Noortgate, W., & Kuppens, P. (2015). The relation between short-term emotion dynamics and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141(4), 901–930. LinkEmotional swings and well-being.
  5. Dunbar, R. I. M. (1993). Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16(4), 681–735.Group sizes of around 150.
  6. Krasnova, H., Wenninger, H., Widjaja, T., & Buxmann, P. (2013). Envy on Facebook: A hidden threat to users' life satisfaction? Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings 2013, 92. LinkEnvy on Facebook and vacation photos.

3. Liked and Counting

  1. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529.Why belonging runs so deep.
  2. Sherman, L. E., Payton, A. A., Hernandez, L. M., Greenfield, P. M., & Dapretto, M. (2016). The power of the like in adolescence: Effects of peer influence on neural and behavioral responses to social media. Psychological Science, 27(7), 1027–1035. LinkLikes and the brain's reward centre (ages 13 to 18).
  3. Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290–292. LinkBeing left out of an online ball game.

4. No Clocks, No Windows

  1. Friedman, B. (2000). Designing Casinos to Dominate the Competition: The Friedman International Standards of Casino Design. Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming, University of Nevada, Reno.Casino layout without clocks or windows.
  2. Andersson, H. (2018, July 3). Social media apps are "deliberately" addictive to users. BBC News. LinkAza Raskin on inventing infinite scroll.
  3. Wansink, B., Painter, J. E., & North, J. (2005). Bottomless bowls: Why visual cues of portion size may influence intake. Obesity Research, 13(1), 93–100. LinkThe self-refilling soup bowl.
  4. Lopez, A., Choi, A. K., Dellawar, N. C., Cullen, B. C., Avila Contreras, S., Rosenfeld, D. L., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2024). Visual cues and food intake: A preregistered replication of Wansink et al. (2005). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 153(2), 275–281. LinkA 2024 replication of the soup bowl study.
  5. Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. PNAS, 98(2), 676–682. LinkThe default mode network.
  6. Buckner, R. L., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008). The brain's default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124, 1–38.What the default network does.
  7. Baird, B., Smallwood, J., Mrazek, M. D., Kam, J. W. Y., Franklin, M. S., & Schooler, J. W. (2012). Inspired by distraction: Mind wandering facilitates creative incubation. Psychological Science, 23(10), 1117–1122. LinkMind wandering and good ideas.

5. Never Fully Here

  1. Rubinstein, J. S., Meyer, D. E., & Evans, J. E. (2001). Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27(4), 763–797. LinkThe cost of switching between tasks.
  2. American Psychological Association (2006, March 20). Multitasking: Switching costs. LinkThe estimate of up to 40 percent.
  3. Leroy, S. (2009). Why is it so hard to do my work? The challenge of attention residue when switching between work tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109(2), 168–181.Attention residue.
  4. Mark, G., Gonzalez, V. M., & Harris, J. (2005). No task left behind? Examining the nature of fragmented work. Proceedings of CHI 2005, 321–330. LinkHow long it takes to get back to interrupted work.
  5. Gallup Management Journal (2006). Too many interruptions at work? Interview with Gloria Mark. LinkThe 23-minute figure.
  6. Ophir, E., Nass, C., & Wagner, A. D. (2009). Cognitive control in media multitaskers. PNAS, 106(37), 15583–15587. LinkThe Stanford study on heavy multitaskers.
  7. Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Strayer, D. L., Medeiros-Ward, N., & Watson, J. M. (2013). Who multi-tasks and why? PLoS ONE, 8(1), e54402. LinkHow people rate their own multitasking.